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義大利磁磚產業環境簡介
分享:
2007年義大利陶磁產業顯見有兩種相對的趨勢,一邊是義大利廠商報告生產與總銷售的下跌,另一邊其國外廠看到生產與營業額的增長。如此一來證明義大利工商企業的活力與變色龍般的能力足以跟上市場的波浪、站在其競爭對手之前。2007年義大利陶瓷產業整體而言(義大利+國外)磁磚生產675.5百萬平方米,分為226家公司在十個國家332個工廠(718條窯)營運,以平均售價每平方米9.99歐元、帶來6,701百萬歐元的總營業額。就地理位置而言,82.7%的產量在義大利製造、其餘13.3%在歐洲與美國。總部生產廠業已受到市場困境的衝擊,這的確是20年首見義大利陶瓷產業遇到需求同步下滑;依變動的程度,來自四個主要關鍵的市場-義大利、法國、美國與德國。
營業額:義大利陶瓷產業的營業額相較之下仍是健康的,2007年底總營業額達到5,784.7百萬歐元(較2006年上升0.75%);出口佔4,183.6百萬歐元(由總數72.3%上升0.61%),而義大利市場達到1,601.1百萬歐元(由總數27.7%上升1.1%)。如此結果背後的驅動力為平均售價不斷的提升,2007年進而4.2%提升至每平方米10.6歐元(在義大利為2.8%提升至每平方米9.55歐元,在國外為4.95%提升至每平方米11.03歐元)。平均售價提升部份是因改善產品結合、包括更多產品表面處理與技術玻化磚較高的銷售;部份是因成本增加-尤其是能源與商業成本,部份亦可歸因於美元對歐元貶值。投資相對的看到成長,等於總營業額的5.2%、代表18.14% 的提升。歐洲共同市場仍是義製產品的最大市場,約佔總營業額的56%。
產業集中:九個義大利陶瓷集團在國外有生產基地,各別位於歐洲與美國,合計20家公司營運32家工廠的77條窯爐。儘管事實上已超過200家公司,2007年義大利的磁磚產業歷經高度的產業集中,無可阻擋地改變國家產業結構的面貌。超過72%的全國營業額是由前十大產業集團所產生,其中之六個是有生產與配銷基地的跨國集團。 |
依據預測,國際經濟困境將持續至2008年,義大利陶瓷產業將是另一個困難年。相關的起因仍很多,然而這其中最大的仍市能源成本持續上升,對此義大利公司將盡其所能用足以改善能源效率與環境觀懷的生產技術來裝備自己。原料價格與利率的上揚,對信貸極大依賴的公司亦是壞消息。進而焦慮的根源為美國持續危機與預期某些其他市場的衰退、例如英國與義大利。然而,正面的訊號是預期東歐、遠東與中東市場對品質與義大利設計的加價付出逐漸增加意願。然而儘管如此展望,義大利公司在所有主要市場依然一步領先其國外競爭者,並以增加生產國際化與專利的運用或第三方運作的物流中心在不同的國家進其陣地的鞏固。
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Italian industry of ceramic tiles
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Italy
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Abroad
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Total
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Companies
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206
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20
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226
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Facatories
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300
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32
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332
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Kilns
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641
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77
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718
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Employees
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27,210
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6,726
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33,936
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Production(million sq.m)
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559.10
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116.44
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675.54
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% total production
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82.76%
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17.24%
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100%
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Sales(million sq.m)
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167.74
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502.76*
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670.49
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% total sales(million sq.m)
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25.02%
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74.98%*
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100%
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Turnover(million€)
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1,601
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5,100*
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6,701
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% total turnover
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23.89%
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76.11%*
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100%
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*Data obtained as the sum of activities of Italy-based companies and facilites Abroad.
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ITALY:THE TOP EXPORT MARKETS (mill. sq.m)
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2006
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2007
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FRANCE
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59.9
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58.9
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UK
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65.3
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55.2
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GERMANY
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51.5
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44.9
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GREECE
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18.7
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19.5
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BELGIUM+LUX
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10.8
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10.9
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UK
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10.4
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10.5
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AUSTRIA
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10.1
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10.1
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CANADA
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9.9
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9.9
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NETHERLANDS
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7.7
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7.5
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SWITZERLAND
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8.8
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8.2
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HUNGARY
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6.6
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6.9
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CROATIA
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6.7
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6.7
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SWEDEN
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5.7
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6.2
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RUSSIA
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5.6
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6.0
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SPAIN
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5.4
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6.0
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SAUDI ARABIA
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6.4
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6.0
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ROMANIA
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4.5
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5.2
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DENMARK
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5.3
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4.9
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POLAND
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4.2
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4.5
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SLOVENIA
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3.5
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4.1
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FINLAND
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3.9
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3.7
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CZECH REP.
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3.0
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3.3
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AUSTRALIA
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3.9
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3.3
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ISRAEL
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3.4
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3.0
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NORWAY
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2.7
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2.8
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Breakdown of total Italian production by main product types ( x 1000 sq.m)
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Product
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2000
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2004
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2005
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2006
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2007
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White body
single fired tile
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177,939
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152,569
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113,508
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99,087
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82,851
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64,837
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57,623
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47,662
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Red body
single fired tile
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83,942
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83,776
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74,480
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70,135
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67,476
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63,898
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58,950
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53,774
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Total
single fired tile
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261,882
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236,346
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187,989
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169,223
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150,327
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128,736
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116,574
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101,437
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Double fired tile
for glazing
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34,777
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32,970
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29,208
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24,873
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23,618
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19,540
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18,150
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17,561
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Complete cycle double fired tile
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38,099
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33,797
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31,478
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32,144
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28,135
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30,320
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29,272
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29,272
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Total
double fired tile
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72,877
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66,768
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60,686
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57,018
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51,753
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49,860
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47,423
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46,833
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Unglazed
porcelain tile
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143,337
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147,575
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140,395
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128,726
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122,539
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124,305
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127,642
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135,352
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Glazed
porcelain tile
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125,199
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161,093
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188,808
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220,338
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237,988
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244,630
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255,451
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255,403
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Total
porcelain tile
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268,536
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308,669
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329,204
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349,064
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360,527
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368,935
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383,094
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390,755
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Other
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30,744,105
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31,531
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28,730
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27,485
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26,597
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22,473
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21,485
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20,077
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Total production
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631,838
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638,427
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605,476
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603,428
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589,206
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570,006
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568,578
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559,103
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ITALIAN EXPORTS BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA IN 2007(% values)
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Area
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Europe
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America
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Asia
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Africa
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Oceania
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Total
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value
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70.9%
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18.4%
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7.5%
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1.6%
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1.6%
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4,184 mill.Euros
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Sq.m.
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70.4%
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18.1%
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7.3%
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2.8%
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1.4%
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379.4 mill.sq.m
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Costs and prices of the Italian ceramic tile industry (var. %)
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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2009
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Average energy cost
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18.9
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25.4
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2.6
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6.3
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0.7
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Electrical energy
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5.6
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17.0
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6.6
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1.2
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0.1
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Gas oil
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15.7
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16.2
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1.2
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1.1
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0.3
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Natural gas
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29.7
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33.7
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1.0
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10.7
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1.1
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Raw materials and semi-finished products
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3.0
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3.1
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4.7
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2.2
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1.0
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Clays
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3.5
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1.3
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3.3
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3.9
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1.1
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Glazes
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2.5
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3.0
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6.0
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1.4
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1.4
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Packaging
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3.1
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2.2
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7.2
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1.6
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0.7
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Transport
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3.0
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4.2
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2.2
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2.3
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2.0
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Service
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2.6
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2.9
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1.8
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1.4
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1.2
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Hourly labour costs
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3.6
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1.1
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3.7
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1.5
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3.5
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Average variation in prices of inputs
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5.4
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6.5
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3.1
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2.4
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1.6
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Total productivity
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1.0
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0.8
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0.6
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0.5
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0.3
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Operating costs per unit proudct
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4.4
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5.7
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2.5
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2.0
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1.3
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Mark-up
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-1.1
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0.4
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0.1
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0.1
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0.3
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Price at production
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3.2
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6.1
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2.6
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2.1
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1.7
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Price per square metere
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4.7
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5.7
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4.0
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3.4
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3.0
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